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By the by, the major problem with the 'short' sarisa as proposed is that Polybius is explicit (Plb. 18.29) that the front five men can bring their weapons into action. He's also explicit about the same each person takes up in line. 27/31
So, in very short that's how we know how long the sarisa was. The weight of its length was counter-balanced by the flanged butt at the back, along with tapering the wooden haft and using a *very* small and light tip.
Which is how a lot of other pikes work so 
28/31
I think here the argument from practicality must bear a lot of weight. C. Matthew (2016) argues that Polybius described formation is impossible to carry out, which is baffling given that P. Connolly (2000) *did* carry it off with a renaissance pike troop; note dates. 29/31
So I keep coming back to the fact that the one thing we know about the sarisa is that it worked and presumably worked as described. 30/31
Finally, spelling note: you may see sarisa and also sarissa. Which is correct? Good news - even the Greeks didn't know and our sources spell it both ways. So it's up to you! I use sarisa because twitter is parsimonious with characters. 31/end (but see bibliography)
Bibliography time: the go to summary of the sources on the sarisa is Mixter, "The Length of the Macedonian Sarissa During the Reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great" Ancient World 23 (1992): 21-29.
The best thing to read for reconstructing one is P. Connolly, "Experiments with the Sarissa" Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 11 (2000): 102-112. There is a metric TON of other articles, but Connolly discusses them, so read him first.
On the possible non-existence of a cavalry sarisa, note N. Sekunda, "The Sarissa" Acta Universitatis Lodziensis 23 (2001): 13-41. Sekunda is also probably right that Connolly has the wrong wood and it should be ash, not cornel wood used.
There's a lot, a LOT more on the sarisa, but that's what you should actually read. At some point I hope to put together a comprehensive looks at Mediterranean arms and armor in the third and second centuries BCE, but that project is as yet still years away. Until then, cheers!
Oh, as an addendum, I should add that our sources seem pretty clear that there was some zone for variability with sarisa length. Probably not a lot, but some wiggle room. Also, the difference between Theophrastus and Polybius is often taken to indicate that these weapons...
...got a little longer over time, as the extra length was valuable in the post-Alexander landscape where the sarisa-phalanx was mostly fighting *other* sarisa-phalanxes. That's a tempting theory and could be right - but note how thin the evidence it is perched on it.
In any case, the sarisa-bits we have ought to match the earlier, slightly smaller one, since the royal tombs at Aigai are mostly late classical (the tomb the sarisa bits are associated with may actually BE the tomb of Philip II, father of Alexander).
Finally, I am aware of the Shafton Collection spear-butt which is shown by both Sekunda and Matthew in their books, inscribed 'MAK.' Could be real! but it has no secure provenance, so it could be fake! Date unknown! And so dangerous to extrapolate from.
Another flanged butt like the one pictured above was recovered at Isthmia, but I don't think complete measurements of it have been published, Rostoker & Gebhard, "The Sanctuary of Poseidon as Isthmia" Hesperia 49.4 (1980): 347-363.
Also, Jennifer Gates-Foster et al. presented at SCS/AIA a few years back a set of finds from a Ptolemaic fort which included what they identified as a sarisa element, but I think like (1) it's a xyston butt (also neat!); I don't know the current publication status of it.
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