@BretDevereaux, I'm told that you might have insight into this question?https://twitter.com/EpistemicHope/status/1382220525582307332 …
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And while sometimes land was cleared of its inhabitants (again, deeply unpleasant) to make way for new Roman settlements, the amount of land cleared this way as a total of the land area of any given province seems generally to have been small.
This isn't because the Romans were nice people. It's a cynical calculation - the Romans want to get what these folks were already producing (grain, tax revenue, whatever) and the easiest way to do that is to leave those production systems and their social structures in place.
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By contrast early modern European colonization generally sought to either completely change local production systems (that is, reorganize them for export) and/or displace the local population to make room for mass settlement.
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So they are destroying much more of local social structures, enforcing more religious change, moving (or killing) significant numbers of people to make way for colonial settlements - and all of this is done with lots and lots of terrible violence.
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