The hoplite debates have this problem, for sure. But also the 'how democratic' debates on the Roman Republic; the 'Romanization' and the ancient economy (primitivism/modernism) debates, though less so in those last 2 cases in that the communis opinio really has shifted.
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For the newcomer, the key is often separating out what is *known* from what is theorized - part of what all of these debates have in common is (very)educated guesswork in the 'blanks' of the source material.
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Failing that (esp. in cases where assessing the blanks requires language skills), the best recourse is to ask a subject matter expert not 'what is true' (they'll make a case for their side), but 'what is the state of the debate' or 'what is the communis opinio?'
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I wish more generalists did more of this (summarizing/referencing these debates instead of just one angle). As a high school teacher, it’s often tough just to read one book on a topic, let alone multiple. Do you have any other tips on surveying the state of debate on a topic?
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Some fields produce 'companion' volumes which - at least in theory - should be 'state of the debate' ('status quaestionis') treatments. These are common in classics but rarer elsewhere. Some fields also produce 'questions in...' readers/volumes which are much the same...
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