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So, this cuts to really complex questions about how 'capitalism' is defined. Often it is used as 'society with market interactions' - something so broad that it would include very many societies. Alternately, it can be defined very narrowly, as an ideology of markets, or...
...a social system where the ownership of capital acquired through market exchange (as opposed to political ownership, e.g. "the king owns the land because he is the king") dominates the economic landscape. Many of these 'capitalism is the root of all evils' arguments...
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...rely very fundamentally on shifting between these definitions in deceptive ways. The degree to which Rome had a market economy is heavily debated (I trend towards the 'yes' answer, but with important caveats). The degree to which it was meaningfully 'capitalist'...
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...though? I think it is hard to argue that the political elite who actually controlled the Roman Empire considered themselves capitalists, or their power to derive from the possession of capital. They quite clearly knew that power derived from control over state violence.
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