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And, certainly, some open-order fighters - ekdromoi, or shipboard marines - used the aspis during the Classical period. But I don't think it is an accident that loose-order specialists - peltasts, thureophoroi - used different shields with different grips.
The second century in particular, I think, speaks to the degree to which - once exposed - the Greeks were quite receptive to the idea of equipping a *lot* of men with center-grip Gallic style shields (=thureos). Thureophoroi are *everywhere* in late-3/early-2century BC Greece
They're all over Polybius (who distinguishes between thureophori generally and armored thureophoroi whom he calls thraokites, Plb 4.12; 10.29) and by Plutrach as the standard Greek (non-Macedonian) soldier from which a reformer (Cleom. 11.2; Philop. 9.1-3) might move away from.
And they've adopted a shield better suited for the kind of more mobile, looser-formation warfare they expect to face. Again, I'm not kiboshing modern use-testing *at all* - I think it is very valuable. But we'll be more than second best in knowledge.
Agree. I assume this is due to increased contact with gallograecians via Balkan actors (Macedonians, Thracians, Bithynians).
Agreed. It's hard to pin down *anything* really tightly, chronologically in the third century, but I think the plausible explanation is the Galatian incursions of the 280s and 270s. They made a mess of all sorts of Hellenistic armies. Nothing advertises arms like success.
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