The examples I love to use when I teach are second century mummy portraits from Egypt - Egyptians often freely mixing their own styles with dress that marks them as Roman citizens. E.g. https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=119830&partId=1&searchText=Fayum+mummy+portraits&page=1 …
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Chinggis Khan's tribal unit breaks with Jamukha and becomes independent for the first time precisely over Chinggis' willingness to recruit a wider and more heterogeneous mixture of mongols.
We could march this back into pre-history. Hat tip towards @MilHist_Lee , the 'killer app' of early humans was the ability to manage larger social groups and greater social complexity. Being able to have a tribal group that included members not blood-related.
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Same goes for the development of the state - the ability to tolerate specialization and increasing heterogeneity gives the state the size-and-force advantage to expand. We don't see it because it is easy to miss because we're used to modern systems of social org...
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Which are themselves the products of a multi-millennium arms race in social complexity, because the biggest-social-group typically wins. So we miss subtle group distinctions - Roman vs. Latin or Roman vs. Sabine - that actually mattered a lot to the people at the time.
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