For instance, why should we give Sparta any credit for its freer women? What does it matter than the top 10% of Spartan women could do athletics, if that required the bottom 90% to be brutalized and enslaved?
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We have very little idea about the numbers of the perioikoi, but assume generously that they double the Spartiates suggests thus 200,000 helots out of a total pop of 230,000ish. Very approximate, but that's the range of figures to be thinking of.
In this, Sparta is a massive outlier. Societies in which enslaved persons constitute a simple majority are extremely rare. And the helots were treated brutally *by the standards of ancient slavery* which in turn were extremely low.
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But this is why I see defenses of say - the Spartan treatment of women - as essentially hollow. Sure, Spartan citizen women had a few more liberties than Athenian citizen women. But most Spartan women were not citizens, most of them were helots.
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And given that we are talking about a society with roving terror-death-squads for helot men, can we even begin to doubt how horribly helot women must have been treated?
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