It's one thing to talk about a concept of freedom which doesn't extend fully to a significant minority of the population. But it is another thing entirely to talk about it in the context of a society which brutally enslaves the *vast majority* of its humans.
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So, the 20/23 number is the product of the following: c. 200,000 helots. Assuming roughly 4,000 adult male Spartiates (c. 420 BC; there were probably never 10k Spartiates) suggests a total Spartan citizen population (men, women, children) c. 10,000-12,000
We have very little idea about the numbers of the perioikoi, but assume generously that they double the Spartiates suggests thus 200,000 helots out of a total pop of 230,000ish. Very approximate, but that's the range of figures to be thinking of.
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In this, Sparta is a massive outlier. Societies in which enslaved persons constitute a simple majority are extremely rare. And the helots were treated brutally *by the standards of ancient slavery* which in turn were extremely low.
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But this is why I see defenses of say - the Spartan treatment of women - as essentially hollow. Sure, Spartan citizen women had a few more liberties than Athenian citizen women. But most Spartan women were not citizens, most of them were helots.
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