ad hominem is another that gets abused: “this guy is a pathological liar that just likes to troll people” is an ad hominem attack—OH NO A FALLACY WATCH OUT—that is, if true, an excellent reason for distrusting someone
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I wouldn't call citing a study in the scientific sense (for e.g. a manuscript, grant, research) an appeal to authority. As the author you take the responsibility of thoroughly evaluating the quality of the research and presenting it appropriately. Some do cite inappropriately 1/2
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but that’s a discussion for another day. Science builds on the work of others and it’s your job as an investigator that you interpret the results and methods correctly to set up the next experiment. 2/2
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Citing a study you didn't perform yourself is clearly not an appeal to authority. That's science. Citing an authority's opinion as evidence is an appeal to authority.
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Studies are full of opinion. That’s the “analysis/discussion” and “conclusions” sections. *Maybe* you can cite the raw data or methods without it, but if you cite ANY of the analysis, you’re appealing to authority. Which is *fine* in such a context!
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Appeal to unqualified authority is a fallacy. Not any authority. It's like quoting Michael Jordan on gene therapy
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You're mistaking "appeal to authority" with "information". If it's fallacious to reference any information you didn't obtain yourself, then everything is fallacious. Performing a study or simply using language is building on the work of others.
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No, I think the mistake is that much of what we consider information is established on appeals to authority. That's why they aren't always fallacious! I believe in climate change, for instance, *entirely* based on the authority of those who tell me it is true.
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Appeal to authority actually only applies when you cite someone who isn’t actually an expert on the subject and merely has authority Or you imply that they’re right simply because they have authority, citing someone with reasons as to why they are right isn’t a fallacy
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Appeal to authority is when you try to convince someone to do/believe something by suggesting [the authority] endorses it.
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